Study on Longitudinal Collision Risk of Closely Spaced Parallel Runways Paired Approach

Fei LU; Jian ZHANG; Erli ZHAO; Jingjie TENG

doi:10.7307/ptt.v37i2.748

Authors

Fei LU Civil Aviation University of China, College of Air Traffic Management
Jian ZHANG Civil Aviation University of China, College of Air Traffic Management
Erli ZHAO Civil Aviation University of China, College of Air Traffic Management
Jingjie TENG Civil Aviation University of China, College of Air Traffic Management

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.7307/ptt.v37i2.748

Keywords:

paired approach, collision risk, wake vortex filed, safety interval, acceleration errors, roll moment

Abstract

This study asserts that paired aircraft can withstand specific wake turbulence levels and explores the longitudinal collision risk in closely spaced parallel runway approaches. The goal is to enhance the safety margin of the paired approach and allow for more flexible implementation. Based on QAR data, a theoretical spacing model for paired aircraft and a probability distribution of acceleration error are established to facilitate the analysis of the actual spacing of paired aircraft. Wake turbulence attenuation is modelled using large eddy simulation, creating a vortex attenuation model. Drawing inspiration from the Hallock-Burnham vortex model, new models for induced velocity and vortex core motion are proposed. The study assumes that trailing aircraft can handle certain wake intensities, leading to a new model for calculating wake turbulence safety intervals, limiting the trailing aircraft’s maximum roll angle to its critical limit. Using probability theory, a model for longitudinal collision risk is formulated, combining wake turbulence safety separation and the actual separation of paired aircraft. The study also examines various factors influencing longitudinal collision risk, emphasising the significant impact of crosswind conditions. It concludes that a stronger crosswind component reduces the wake turbulence safety separation, thereby increasing the risk of longitudinal collisions, particularly during the final stage of the approach. Notably, collision risk is directly proportional to the crosswind component and initial longitudinal separation, but inversely proportional to runway spacing.

References

Waller MC, Scanlon CH. Proceedings of the NASA workshop on flight deck centered parallel runway approaches in instrument meteorological conditions. NASA. Report number: NAS 1.55:10191, 1996.

Hammer J. Study of the geometry of a dependent approach procedure to closely spaced parallel runways. Proceedings of 18th Digital Avionics Systems Conference, 24-29 Oct. 1999, St. Louis, MO, USA.1999. p. 4.C.3-4.C.3. DOI: 10.1109/DASC.1999.863731.

Hammer J. Case study of paired approach procedure to closely spaced parallel runways. Air Traffic Control Quarterly. 2000;8(3):223–252. DOI: 10.2514/atcq.8.3.223.

Landry S, Prichett AR. The safe zone for paired closely spaced parallel approaches: implications for procedures and automation. Proceedings of the 19th Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 7-13 Oct. 2000, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 2000. p. 3E3/1–3E3/8. DOI: 10.2514/atcq.8.3.223.

Burnham DC, Hallock JN, Greene GC. Wake turbulence limits on paired approaches to parallel runways. Journal of Aircraft. 2002;39(4):630-637. DOI: 10.2514/6.2000-4128.

McKissick B. Wake encounter analysis for a closely spaced parallel runway paired approach simulation. Proceedings of the 9th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations Conference (ATIO) and Aircraft Noise and Emissions Reduction Symposium (ANERS), 21–23 Sep. 2009, Hilton Head, SC, USA. 2009. p. 6943. DOI: 10.2514/6.2009-6943.

Liu Y. Discussion on the feasibility of pairing approach with close parallel runways. Air Traffic Management.2009;(10):4-5. DOI: JournalArticle/5af483f0c095d718d81a9f50.

Guerreiro N, et al. Characterizing a wake-free safe zone for the Simplified Aircraft-based Paired Approach concept. Proceedings of the AIAA Atmospheric and Space Environments Conference, 2–5 Aug. 2010, Toronto, ON, CAN. 2010. p. 7681. DOI: 10.2514/6.2010-7681.

Guerreiro N, Neitzke K. Simulated wake characteristics data for closely spaced parallel runway operations analysis. Proceedings of the 12th AIAA Aviation Technology, Integration, and Operations (ATIO) Conference and 14th AIAA/ISSMO Multidisciplinary Analysis and Optimization Conference, 17–19 Sep. 2012, Indianapolis, IN, USA. 2012. p. 5642. DOI: 10.2514/6.2012-5642.

Lu F, et al. Longitudinal collision risk safety assessment of paired approach to closed spaced parallel runways. China Safety Science Journal. 2013;(08):108–113. DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2013.08.011.

Lu F, et al. Assessment of lateral collision risk in closed spaced parallel runways paired approach. China Safety Science Journal. 2016:(11):87–92. DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2016.11.016.

Lu F, et al. Lateral collision risk of CSPRs paired approach under wake impact. China Safety Science Journal. 2016:(02):99–105. DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2020.02.016.

Lu F, et al. Lateral collision dynamics of CSPRs paired approach under influence of wake vortex field. China Safety Science Journal. 2020:30(4):21-27. DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2020.04.004.

Tian Y, et al. Method for determining the distance between close parallel runways. Journal of Traffic Transportation Engineering. 2013:(01):70–76. DOI: 10.19818/j.cnki.1671-1637.2013.01.011.

Domino DA, et al. Paired approaches to closely spaced runways: Results of pilot and ATC simulation. Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE/AIAA 33rd Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 5–9 Oct. 2014, Colorado Springs, CO, USA. 2014. p. 1B2-1–1B2-15. DOI: 10.1109/DASC.2014.6979548.

Leiden K, et al. Paired approach flight demonstration: Planning and development activities. Proceedings of the 2018 Integrated Communications, Navigation, Surveillance Conference (ICNS), 10–12 Apr. 2018, Herndon, VA, USA. 2018. p. 3G4-1–3G4-12. DOI: 10.1109/ICNSURV.2018.8384963.

Leiden K, et al. Paired approach flight demonstration results. Proceedings of the 2019 Integrated Communications, Navigation and Surveillance Conference (ICNS), 9–11 Apr. 2019, Herndon, VA, USA. 2019. p. 1–16. DOI: 10.1109/ICNSURV.2019.8735116.

Wei Z, Wu J, Liu X, Li N. Safety assessment and analysis on standard of wake separation for air traffic. Journal of Safety Science Technology. 2018:(12):180–185. DOI: CNKI:SUN:LDBK.0.2018-12-030.

Han J, et al. Large eddy simulation of aircraft wake vortices within homogeneous turbulence- Crow instability. AIAA Journal. 2000:38(2):292–300. DOI: 10.2514/2.956.

Zhang X. Modeling and simulation of dynamic visual characteristics and control characteristics of pilots in cockpit. PhD thesis. Northwestern Polytechnical University; 2017.

Kuang J, Wang B. Flight dynamics. Beijing, China: Tsinghua University Press; 2012.

Wei Z. The research on modeling and simulation of flow field and safety spacing for wake vortex. PhD thesis. Civil Aviation University of China; 2009.

Luckner R, Höhne G, Fuhrmann M. Hazard criteria for wake vortex encounters during approach. Aerospace Science and Technology, 2004; 8(8):673-687. DOI: 10.1016/j.ast.2004.06.008.

International Civil Aviation Organization. Doc8168 OPS/611: Construction of Visual and Instrument Flight Procedures. Montreal ,CAN: ICAO; 2007.