Evaluating the Efficiency of Urban Public Transport in Belgrade – A Data Envelopment Analysis Approach

In an era marked by rapid urban development, the efficiency of public transport (PT) systems has taken on unprecedented significance. The main model for assessing the efficiency of PT systems is the data envelopment analysis (DEA). This study leverages DEA to conduct a comprehensive evaluation of 12 PT lines in Belgrade, to optimise resource allocation. The first DEA model developed by Charnes, Cooper and Rhodes (CCR) under the assumption of a constant returns to scale production technology. By employing the input-oriented CCR DEA model, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of the efficiency landscape in Belgrade’s PT system. The primary hypothesis is that PT lines exhibiting characteristics such as reduced resource utilisation, a smaller fleet of engaged vehicles, lower vehicle frequency, decreased operating costs, and yet achieving a higher volume of transported passengers, are likely to be more efficient. The results of this analysis highlight three exceptional lines – Lines 23, 31 and 95 – all of which achieved an efficiency score of 1.000. Additionally, the study employs super-efficiency analysis, identifying Line 31 as the “most efficient”. These findings validate the initial hypothesis and have far-reaching implications for stakeholders, providing invaluable insights into potential strategies for fortifying Belgrade’s PT system.