From Written to Digital Commands in German Railway Operations – Challenges and Opportunities

Safe communication between dispatchers and train drivers is a central element of railway operations, especially in disruption scenarios where commands ensure the continuation of safe operations. Traditionally, this process has been carried out in written or telephone form according to clearly standardised rules set out in DB Guideline 408. With the introduction of digital command, a profound change is taking place in this safety-critical communication. The aim of this study is to systematically examine the effects of digitalisation on comprehensibility, usability and safety. Methodologically, the research employs both qualitative and quantitative approaches, including simulator studies, task analyses, guided interviews, questionnaires, mock-ups and thinking-aloud techniques. Initial assessments indicate that digital commands provide significant benefits in terms of time savings, standardisation and documentation, but also introduce new challenges related to human-machine interaction and increased demands on cognitive processes. Factors such as stress, time pressure and user habits significantly influence acceptance and error proneness. The study shows that digital commands can only unfold their full potential if technical innovation and human factors are equally addressed. This research contributes to a deeper understanding of how digitalisation can enhance safety and efficiency in railway operations without compromising the existing high safety standards.